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Text 1. Microcomputer operating systems

An operating system is a group of computer programs. It helps to manage the computer. It is resources and acts as an interface between the computer and application programs. The major operating systems for microcomputers are MS-DOS, PC-DOS, The Macintosh system, UNIX and OS/2.

DOS runs on the IBM family of computers using Intel microprocessors. It is a character – based system and quires the entry of commands on a command line.

The windows operating environment provides a graphical user interface GUI lets users select from ions. These icons show the available choices. Windows also provides multitasking, allowing several application programs to run simultaneously.

The Macintosh system runs on the Motorola 68000 line of processors. It provides multitasking and a graphical environment. You can not access the operating system without the graphical environment.

UNIX allows simultaneous programs to be shared by several users at onе time. Its networking capabilities allow to share files over networks with several different kinds of equipment.

OS/2 can run application programs written for DOS and it provides a graphical environment its multitasking ability allows to run several large programs simultaneously.

Text 2. Sound-Output Devices

Sound-output devices produce sounds digitized sounds, ranging from and chirps to music. All these sounds are nonverbal. PC owners can customize their machines to greet each new program with the sounds of breaking glass or to moo like a cow every hour. Or they can make their computers issue the distinctive sounds available (from the book-disk combination Cool Mac Sounds) under the titles “Arrgh!!!” or “B-Movie Scream.” Or they can down-load sound files from the Internet and save them to disk, insert them in documents, and ply them. To exercise these possibilities, you need both the necessary software and sound card plugs into an expansion slot in your computer; on newer computers, it is integrated with the motherboard.

A sound card is also required in making computerized music. Most microcomputers come with sound speakers, although these speakers often have a rather tinny quality. For good sound, you need to connect external amplified speakers.

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