Learning English

Уншаарай

      

http://www.itzone.mn/mn/news/213

Бидний өдөр тутмын амьдрал, бизнесийн хэмнэлийг үндсээр нь өөрчилж буй 4 гол хүч болох (1) ухаалаг утас болон интернетэд холбогдсон хөдөлгөөнт төхөөрөмжүүд, (2) их өгөгдөл, өгөгдлийн шинжилгээ, (3) нийгмийн сүлжээний платформууд, (4) үүлэн тооцоолол зэргийг уламжлалт бизнесийнхэн стратегидаа оруулан бизнесээ шинэ орчин нөхцөлд тохируулан өөрчлөхийг цахим хувьсгал хэмээн товчоор томьёолж болох юм.... 

Unit 7

Lesson 3. READING 

Task 1.  Fill in the blanks.

website;         a public Internet Protocol (IP); Information security;     data.

1.. . . . . . . is the practice of preventing unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, inspection, recording or destruction of information. It is a general term that can be used regardless of the form the 2. . . . . may take (e.g. electronic, physical).  A (. . . . .is a collection of related web pages, including multimedia content, typically identified with a common domain name, and published on at least one web server.  A web site may be accessible via  4. . . . . . network, such as the Internet, or a private local area network (LAN), by referencing a uniform resource locator (URL) that identifies the site.

Task 2. Before you read the passage, talk about these questions.

-How do people access the Internet?

-What type of Internet connection is best to businesses?

Task 3. Read the notification from the Internet service provider.

Dear Mindeye Customer,

Last week, Websurf Internet purchased Mindeye Communications. Starting next week we will be your ISP.

            This new relationship has many benefits. First, you receive a free download of our exclusive VirusWatch 9.0 antivirus software to protect your computer. We’re also building all-new T-3 lines to accomodate new customers. This means greater bandwidth for broadband and T-1 users.

            Unfortunately, we’re discounting dial-up service. But we are upgrading to DSL. Turn in your old modem to us to receive a new DSL modem free of charge. 

            You also receive our award-winning technical support. We’ll help you set up your wireless router to bring Wi-Fi to your household. We can even help recover your password you forget.

            You’ll also have access to WebSurf hotspots. You can find them at selected airports, restaurants and coffee shops. All you need is a valid WebSurf account.

            We look forward to providing you with the world’s best Internet service.

Sincerely,

Gina Matson

Customer Relations, WebSurf Internet

Task 5. Choose the correct answers

   1. What is this notice about?

a. Mindeye’s plan to buy WebSurf

b. what WebSurf offers to new  customers

c. WebSurf offering free wireless routers

d. troubleshootiing Internet access issues

   2. Which service does WebSurf  NOT offer?

a. tech support                         b. dial-up Internet

c. hotspot access                      d. broadband Internet access

   3. What can you infer from the notice?

a. Anyone can use WebSurf hotspots.

b. More people use T-1 than broadband.

c. WebSurf expects to retain Mindeye customers.

d. Mindeye offers its customers more service.

Task 6. Match the words with the definitions.

1.T-1;     2.Wi-Fi;    3.dial-up;     4.modem;     5.broadband

A. __an Internet connection using wireless signals

            B. __an Internet connection using regular phone lines

            C. __a device that sends information over phone lines

            D. __lines that allow many users to connect to the Internet.

            E. __a system allowing the transfer of large amounts of data.

Task 7. Fill in the blanks with the correct words.

antivirus software;    hotspot;   ISP;   upgrade; wireless router;          DSL;      T-3

1.  The  coffee shop has a/an  . . . . . . . so customers can go online.

2.  A . . . . . . . connection only requires a phone line to work.

3.  Contact your . . . . . . . to get in touch with tech support.

4.  . . . . . . . my service because I need more bandwidth.

5.  Using . . . . . . . protects your computer.

6.  You need a/an  . . . . . . . to get a Wi-Fi network.

7. The new . . . . . . . lines offer greater bandwidth.

Task 8. Work in pairs. One student translates the word said by another student. And say what parts of speech they are and what other noun/ adjective/ verb forms are.

add-in . . . .

basic  . . . .

bridge  . . . .

build . . . .

cabling . . . .

card . . . .

consequently . . . .

convention . . . .

define  . . . .

design . . . .

destination . . . .

double  . . . .

driver  . . . .

enhance . . . .

expansion  . . . .

external  . . . .

full-duplex  . . . .

fundamental . . . .

gadgets  . . . .

half-duplex . . . .

handheld  . . . .

icon . . . .

identical . . . .

in-built . . . .

instruction . . . .

interconnect . . . .

internal  . . . .

ISP  . . . .

layer . . . .

line . . . .

linkage  . . . .

manner  . . . .

mode . . . .

multiple . . . .

operate . . . .

packet . . . .

pair  . . . .

pathway  . . . .

performance  . . . .

physical  . . . .

point . . . .

proprietary . . . .

protocol  . . . .

segment . . . .

serial  . . . .

signal . . . .

simultaneously. . .

transmit  . . . .

treat . . . .

twisted...  

Task 9. Reading task.  Read about “What are network devices?”  and talk about the difference between these devices.

HUB

Hub is one of the basic icons of networking devices which works at physical layer and hence connect networking devices physically together. Hubs are fundamentally used in networks that use twisted pair cabling to connect devices. They are designed to transmit the packets to the other appended devices without altering any of the transmitted packets received. They act as pathways to direct electrical signals to travel along. They transmit the information regardless of the fact if data packet is destined for the device connected or not.

Switches

Switches are the linkage points of an Ethernet network. Just as in hub, devices in switches are connected to them through twisted pair cabling. But the difference shows up in the manner both the devices; hub and a switch treat the data they receive. Hub works by sending the data to all the ports on the device whereas a switch transfers it only to that port which is connected to the destination device.  A switch does so by having an in-built learning of the MAC address of the devices connected to it. Since the transmission of data signals are well defined in a switch hence the network performance is consequently enhanced. Switches operate in full-duplex mode where devices can send and receive data from the switch at the simultaneously unlike in half-duplex mode. The transmission speed in switches is double than in Ethernet hub transferring a 20Mbps connection into 30Mbps and a 200Mbps connection to become 300Mbps.

Bridges

A bridge is a computer networking device that builds the connection with the other bridge networks which use the same protocol. It works at the Data Link layer of the OSI Model and connects the different networks together and develops communication between them. It connects two local-area networks; two physical LANs into larger logical LAN or two segments of the same LAN that use the same protocol.

Network protocols

Network protocols define a language of instructions and conventions for communication between the network devices. It is essential that a networked computer must have one or more protocol drivers. Usually, for two computers to interconnect on a network, they must use identical protocols. At times, a computer is designed to use multiple protocols. Network protocols like HTTP, TCP/IP offer a basis on which much of the Internet stands.

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)

ISDN are used to send over graphic or audio data files. It is a WAN technology that can be used in place of a dial up link. The accessibility of ISDN depends upon the provision of the service by the service provider, the quality of the line set up to your area. It surely provides higher speed than a modem and has the capability to pick up the line and drop it considerably at a faster rate.  ISDN can create numerous communication routes on a single line.

Modems

Modem is a device which converts the computer-generated digital signals of a computer into analog signals to enable their travelling via phone lines. The ‘modulator-demodulator’ or modem can be used as a dial up for LAN or to connect to an ISP. Modems can be both external, as in the device which connects to the USB or the serial port of a computer, or proprietary devices for handheld gadgets and other devices, as well as internal; in the form of add-in expansion cards for computers and PCMCIA cards for laptops.

Task 10. Match the columns to make correct collocations. Translate into Mongolian and explain using their definition and glossary.

            a)         1. Physical ___                        a.provider

2. linkage  ___             b.layer

3. dial up ___              c.driver

                        4. service ___              d.point            

                        5. protocol ___                        e.link

            b)         1. serial ___                 a.protocol

2. handheld ___                       b.port

                        3. communication ___ c.device

                        4. multiple ___                        d.gadget

                        5. proprietary ___        e.route

Task  11. Make the sentences.

1.They / to transmit / are designed/ to the other / the packets /appended     devices . . .

2.in full-duplex mode /operate/ Switches/ where/ can /devices / send and receive / at the simultaneously / data from the switch . . . . . . . . .  .

3. on a network, / Usually,/ to interconnect / for two computers / they / identical protocols./ must use . . . . . . . . . .

4. accessibility / The/ of ISDN/ the provision /  by the service provider . / of the service  / depends upon  . . . . . . . . . .

5. as a dial up / can be used / The modem / to an ISP./  for LAN /or to connect  ...

           

Task  12. Answer the questions.

1. What is HUB? What are they used for?

2. What is switch?  What is the difference between HUB and

            switch?

3. What is the bridge? How does it build connection?

4. What is network protocol? What network protocol do you know?

5. Where are ISDN used? What’s the advantage?

6. Where is modem used? What types do modems have? 

Useful language for making a presentation

1.    MAKING A START - Introducing yourself and your talk

Greeting, name, position:

- Good morning. My name’s (…). I’m ( the manager … ).

- Ladies and gentlemen. It’s an honor to have the opportunity to address such a distinguished audience.

- Good morning. Let me start by saying just a few words about my background. I started out  in ...

- Welcome to (…). I knew I’ve met some of you, but just for the benefit of those I haven’t, my name’s (…). 

Title / subject

- I’d like to talk (to you) today about …

- I’m going to present  the recent …

                     explain our position on …

                     brief you on …

 inform you about / describe…      

  - The subject of my talk

       focus            presentation    

       topic             paper (academic)       

                               speech (usually to public audience)

Purpose / Objective

- We are here today to decide …

                                  agree …

                                  learn about …

- The purpose of this talk is to update you on …

                                       put you in the picture about …

                                      give you the background to …

- This talk is designed to act as a springboard for

  discussion. Start the ball rolling.

Length

- I shall only take (…) minutes of your time.

- I plan to brief.

- This should be only last (…) minutes.

Outline / Main parts

- I’ve divided my presentation/talk into four

  parts/sections. They are (…).

- The subject can be looked at under the following

   headings: (…).

- We can break this area down into the following fields:

          Firstly / first of all … 

          Secondly / then / next …

          Thirdly / and then we come to …

          Finally / lastly / last of all ...

Questions

- I’d be glad to answer any questions at the end of my talk.

- If you have any questions, please feel free to interrupt.

- Please interrupt me if there’s something which needs clarifying.

  Otherwise, there’ll be time for discussion at the end.

Reference to the audience

- I can see many of you are …;     

- I know you’ve all travelled a long way.

- You all look as though you’ve heard this before.

- As I’m sure you know … ;          

- You may remember …

- We have all experienced …         

- As I’m sure we’d all agree …

2.    LINKING THE PARTS – Linking ideas

Sequencing / Ordering

- Firstly …    secondly …    thirdly … ;     

- Then …    next …   finally / lastly …

- Let’s start with …;  

- So that covers ....

- Let’s move/go on to … ;

- Now we come to … ; That brings us to …

- Let’s leave that (there) … ; That covers …

- Let’s get back to …;     … and turn to …

Giving reasons / causes

- Therefore / so;    

- as a result; that’s why ;

Contrasting

- But;

- however;

Comparing

- similarly;     

- in the same way;

Contrasting

- in fact;       

- actually;

Summarizing

- to sum up; 

- in brief / in short;

Concluding

- in conclusion; 

- to conclude;

Highlighting

- in particular;  

- especially;

Digressing

-By the way ;  

- in passing;

Giving examples

- For example / for instance;  

- such as;     

6. FINISHING OFF - Endings

Signaling the end

- That brings me to the end of my presentation.

- That completes my presentation.

- Before I stop / finish, let me just say …

- That covers all I wanted to say today.

Summarizing

- Let me just run over the key points again.

- I’ll briefly summarize the main issues.

- To sum up …

- Briefly …

Concluding

- As you can see, there are some very good  reasons …

- In conclusion …

- I’d like to leave you with the following thought / idea.

Recommending

- So, I would suggest that we …

- I’d like to propose … (more formal).

- In my opinion, the only way forward is …

Closing

- Thanks.

- Thank you for your attention.

- Thank you for listening.

- I hope you will have gained an insight into …

Inviting questions

- I’d be glad to try and answer any questions.

- So, let’s throw it open to questions.

- Any questions?

7. QUESTION TIME – Asking and answering questions.

Welcoming a question

- Go ahead  / Please do / Certainly.

- That’s a good question.

- That’s interesting.

Clarifying a question

- If I understand you correctly, you are saying / asking …

- I didn’t quite catch that.

- Could you go over that again?

- I’m not sure what you’re getting at.

Avoiding giving an answer / or taking time to think before answering

- Perhaps we could deal with that later.

- Can we talk about that on another occasion?

- I’m afraid that’s not my field.

- I don’t have the figures with me.

- I’m sure Mr. (…) could answer that question.

- That’s interesting, but I’d prefer not to answer that

   today.

Checking the questioner is satisfied

- Does that answer your question?

- Is that clear?

- May we go on?

Class

Unit 5 "OPERATING SUSTEM"

Unit 5

Lesson 3.READING 

Task 1. Before you read the manual introduction, talk about these questions.

            -What is a User Interface?

            -How does a User Inteface make computing easy?

Task 2. Make the words.

            1. efnriaect = . . . . .                 6. tneaitrc = . . . . .

            2. nesgdi = . . . . .                     7. iptnoo = . . . . .

            3. npissocreg = . . .  .                8. uuptto = . . . .          

            4. teursl = . . . . .                       9. ptekosd = . . . .

            5. aommcnd = . .  . . .               10.  eaaadtbs = . . . .

                         

Task 3. Read the introduction to the operating system manual.

The new operating system CCC

Welcome to the CCC (OS).Review these key terms before starting your new system.

Icons: The CCC graphical user interface (GUI) uses icons. These programs are on the desktop. They represent files and software.

Pointer: Use the pointer to click on icons. This opens files and starts software. The pointer also drags files to different folders.

Shortcuts: Shortcuts are special icons. They are placed on the desktop, and you can click them to get to a program quickly.

Folders: Store your files in these icons.

Windows: Visual areas on a computer screen where different programs are operating.

Minimize: Hide windows without taking them off  screen.

Maximie: Extend windows to the full width of the screen.

Menu: Each window has a menu. Click it to select a command from the list.

Task 4. Choose the correct answer

   1. What’s the main idea of the passage?

a. where to locate shortcuts                              

b. the advantages of the CCC OS

c. how to identify and use parts of the OS      

d. types of operating systems   available

   2. What can you infer about this operating system?

a. It comes with free software.                        

b.Files have to stay in one folder.

c. Menus contain multiple commands.            

d. Folders do not maximize or  minimize.

   3. According to the passage, what does the pointer NOT do?

a. move files                            c. start software

b.open menus                          d. Minimize windows.

Task 5. Fill in the blanks with the correct words.

icons;    desktop;     operating system;    pointer;   windows ;     GUI

1. Use the . . . . . . to choose files and commands.

2. Small pictures or symbols in software are . . . . . .   .

3. The . . . . . .  . . . . . is the program that makes a computer work.

4. When something is on the . . .  . . you see it on screen.

5. An OS that uses small pictures to represent files is a . . . . . .  .

6. You can minimie files and programs in different . . . . . .  .

Task 6. Choose the best definition for each word.

1. drag                       a. Save an icon;                       b. close a desktop;      

c. move a file  

2. folders                   a.organize files;                       b. move windows;

                                  c.create shortcuts

3.shortcut                  a.a type of software;    b.a type of icon;         

c.type of window

Task 7. Before you read the email, talk about these questions.

            -How is Linux different from other operating systems?

            -Why should a business  use  Linux?

Task 8.Read the email from an IT employee to a manager.

From: Brandon Peters

To: Shirley Tomkins

Subject: Switching to Linux

Mrs. Tomkins,

Over in the IT department we’ve received complaints abouot the office’s complaints. The hardware itself is fine. The problem, I believe, is the operating system. The system is rife with communication errors and virus threats. Then, there is the fortune we spend on upgrading our software every year. That’s why I’m suggesting we switch to Linux, or some other OS related to Unix. For example, Ubuntu is very popular with users. Linux works with any hardware including both Macs and PCs.

Linux is free, open sourse and many of its programs have a free software license. We can get Linux distributions from vendors that have entire software packages that we can use. For example, OpenOffice does everything that Microsoft Office does.

I’ve talked to many staff members about this already. Some expressed concern with the interface. Specifically, most people I talked with thought Linux required entering command lines into a terminal. Actually, many Linux operating systems use a graphical interface just like the average desktop operating system.

As for networking , Linux comes with a program called Samba. This program allows Linux to interact with Windows-based clients. This means we don’t have to worry about printer trouble over the network once TCP/IP protocol is reconfigured.

Please, let me know if you have any follow up questions.

Brandon Peters. 

Task 9. Choose the correct answers.  

1. What is the email mainly about?

a. the benefits of changing operating systems;

b. how to enter command lines into a terminal;

c. which Linux distribution is right for the company;

d. differences between OpenOffice and Microsoft Office

2. What is the benefit of Samba?

a. It creates a graphical interface.

b. It improves printers efficiently.

c. It is similar to Microsoft Office.

d. It lets different operating system interact.

3. What can you infer about Brandon Peters?

a. He uses Linux on his computer.

b. He expects Linux to increase costs.

c. He has only mentioned Linux to Shirley.

d. He thinks Linux has fewer virus treats.

Task 10. Match the words (1-7) with the definitions (A-G)

1.__Ubuntu;                          5. __open source;

2.__OpenOffice;                   6. __Samba;

3.__vendor;                           7. __interface;

4.__terminal;

a. has word processing and spreadsheet programs

b. Linux-based operating system

c. how users communicate with a computer

d. allows Linux computers to connect to networks

e. able to be modified by the user

f. distributes products and software

g. used to input command lines

Task 11. Fill in the blanks with the correct words.

Linux;    free software license;    Linux distribution; Command line;  Microsoft Office;   TCP/IP protocol;

1.You have to enter a 1. . . . . to make system do anything.

2.I can’t decide which 2. . . . . will work best for me.

3.You need to reconfigure the computer’s  3. . . . to get online. 

4.This program has a  4. . . . .  so anyone can use it. 

5.5.. . . . . . . has an excellent word processing program.

6.I hate my current OS so I’m switching to  6. . . . . .   .

Task 12. a) Put in correct order matching processes of data processing.

1.Reporting             – __Ensuring that supplied data is correct and

                                           relevant.

2.Aggregation          – __arranging items in some sequence and/or in

                                           different sets.

3.Validation                         – __reducing detail data to its main points.

4.Classification       – __combining multiple pieces of data.

5.Summarization     – __the "collection, organization, analysis,

                                           interpretation and presentation of data.".

6.Analysis               – __list detail or summary data or computed

                                           information.

7.Sorting                 – __separates data into various categories.

b) Read the text. Make the questions and answer. Students can work in pairs.

The actions in a GUI are usually performed through direct manipulation of the graphical elements.

-

Beyond computers, GUIs are used in many handheld mobile devices such as MP3 players, portable media players, gaming devices, smartphones and smaller household, office and industrial controls.

-

Data as a general concept refers to the fact that some existing information or knowledge is represented or coded in some form suitable for better usage or processing.

-

Data processing is, generally, "the collection and manipulation of items of data to produce meaningful information.

-

A database is an organized collection of data. It is the collection of schemas, tables, queries, reports, views, and other objects.

-

The data are typically organized to model aspects of reality in a way that supports processes requiring information.

-

A database management system (DBMS) is a computer software application that interacts with the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data.

-

A general-purpose DBMS is designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases.

-

Well-known DBMSs include MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB, MariaDB, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase, SAP HANA, and IBM DB2.

-

Lesson 4.WRITING 

The Language of Technology

General words device, machine, structure, system, process Parts of structures base, foundation, layer, surface Parts of machines fan, fitter, pump, motor, engine Mechanical processes (verbs) bend, collect, combine, connect, extract, force , leave, located, manufacture, pass through, remain, utilize Things involved in technology energy , materials, resources, skills

Task 1. Complete the text using words from the box below. Use each word only once.

energy, bending, machinery, utilize, extract, manufacture , skill, resources

Technology in use

In the past it was thought that only man could make and 1……… tools, but now it is known that some animals have this 2……….too. Chimpanzees use pieces of wood to 3………ants from ant-hills, while captive birds have been observed 4………..a piece of wire and using it to get food out of a tube. However, only man is able to make use of natural 5……….such as metals, and sources of 6…………such as heat and electricity, in order to 7……… sophisticated 8………….  .

Task 2. Complete the text using words from the box below. Use each word once only. You may need to change toe form of the word.

remain , base , connect , fan , collect , leave , force , pass , filter , locate

The vacuum cleaner

A conventional vacuum cleaner has a 1 …………. which rests on the ground, 2……………to a vertical section with a handle. Dust is 3………… by a rotating brush in the base. An electric motor activates a 4………. , which 5………… dust and air into the dust bag 6……….in the vertical section of the vacuum cleaner. The air 7……………. through a 8………and 9……….. the vacuum cleaner through the exhaust port, while the dust 10………….. in the dust bag.

Task 3.  Underline the language of technology in each of the sentences below. Then decide if sentences a) and b) have parallel meanings, or different meanings.

1.      a) Hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water.

b) Water is formed from the combination of oxygen and hydrogen.

      2.   a) The experiment uses a process by which water is supercooled,

b) The experiment uses a device which supercools water.

3.   a) Roman roads had a foundation layer of stone, with a middle layer of softer material, and a layer of flat stones on top.

b) Roman roads had a surface of flat stones under which were two layers, an upper one of softer material and a lower one of stone.

      4.   a) Pumps were used to bring the water up from under the ground,

b) Water was pumped up to the surface of the ground.

Task 4. Read about the format of an essay.

Here's a pretty simple format you can follow:

1. Open with an introduction paragraph that does the following things:
• catches the reader's attention;
• identifies the thing you'll be reviewing (e.g., the title of the book or movie);
• identifies the author, star, or director, if appropriate.
2. Write a full paragraph about each of the aspects you want to examine, making sure each paragraph does these things:
• opens with a topic sentence that says what the paragraph is about;
• has several detail sentences that prove the point you are trying to make;
• uses quotes or examples from the book or movie, if possible, to help prove your point.
3. End with a conclusion paragraph that does the following:
• *briefly* restates the main ideas of the review;
• makes a judgment about the book or movie or whatever, saying whether it is good or bad (some reviewers give ratings, like four stars or two thumbs up);
• recommends that the reader go to the movie or read the book or buy a meal at the restaurant (or not, if it is no good).